Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Series

Use: Dicloxacillin is a narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, it is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins. It is very similar to flucloxacillin and these two agents are considered interchangeable.

Clarithromycin, 6-0-methylerythromycin, belonging to the macrolide group, has a close structural and biological similarity with erythromycin. It is effective against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat respiratory tract infections and soft tissue infections. It is used to treat duodenal ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori infections in combination with omeprazole.  

Use: Doxycycline is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibacterial and belongs to the tetracycline family. It is used to treat urinary tract infections, gum disease, and bacterial infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydia and Bacillus anthracis. It is also used to treat acne.

Use: Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people that have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and Legionellosis. It is also used to treat outbreaks of chlamydia, syphilis, acne, and gonorrhea. I

use: Antibiotic from the macrolides family used for treating toxoplasmoses.  Used routinely in Europe, the spramycine is still experimental in the USA. 

Clarithromycin, 6-0-methylerythromycin, belonging to the macrolide group, has a close structural and biological similarity with erythromycin. It is effective against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat respiratory tract infections and soft tissue infections. It is used to treat duodenal ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori infections in combination with omeprazole.

Co-trimoxazole is an antibiotic combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, in the ratio of 1 to 5, used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. The name co-trimoxazole is the British Approved Name, and has been marketed worldwide under many trade names including Septrin (GSK), Bactrim (Roche), and various generic preparations. According to the American Hospital Formulary Service, "co-trimoxazole usually is bactericidal." Other sources list this antibiotic as bacteriostatic.

Use:

A quinolone antibiotic drug used mainly to treat the respiratory infections (pneumoniae, pseudomonas, influenzae), urinary tract infections, the gastrointestinal surgery, typhoid fever, gonorrhoea (enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli), and septicaemia. Ciprofloxacin act by inhibiting the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase. Other quinolones include cinoxacin; levofloxacin; nalidixic acid; norfloxacin; ofloxacin.-  

Carbamazepine ("CBZ") is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is also used to treat ADD, ADHD, schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia.5Hdibenz[ b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.

Use: Hydantoin, also known as glycolyurea, is an imidazole analogue. Hydantoin and its derivatives are used in the preperation of textile softeners, lubricants, resins, and agrochemicals. They have bacteriostatic and bacteriacidal capabilities useful preservatives against bacteria and fungi. They have antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic activity. They are used in manufacturing pharmaceuticals especially anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, ethotoin, and methyphenytoin.

Use: Diltiazem HCl is a member of the group of drugs known as benzothiazepines , which are a class of calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia. It is a class 3 anti-anginal drug, and a class IV antidysrhythmic. It incites very minimal reflex sympathetic changes. Diltiazem HCl is a potent vasodilator, increasing blood flow and variably decreasing the heart rate via strong depression of A-V node conduction. Its pharmacolgical activity is somewhat similar to verapamil.

This substance is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is used as a first-line treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant S. AureuS

Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and some types of congestive heart failure. Captopril was the first ACE inhibitor developed and was considered a breakthrough both because of its novel mechanism of action and also because of the revolutionary development process. Captopril's main uses are based on its vasodilatation and inhibition of some renal function activities. Captopril is commonly marketed by Bristol-Myers Squibb under the trade name Capoten or Inhibace.

Use: Diclofenac (marketed as Voltaren, Voltarol, Diclon, Dicloflex Difen, Difene, Cataflam, Pennsaid, Rhumalgan, Modifenac, Abitren, Arthrotec and Zolterol, with various drug dose combinations) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken to reduce inflammation and an analgesic reducing pain in conditions such as in arthritis or acute injury. It can also be used to reduce menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea.

Use: Ketoprofen, (RS)2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (chemical formula C16H14O3) is one of the propionic acid class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects. It acts by inhibiting the body's production of prostaglandin.

Use:

Use: Hydroxyzine is a first-generation antihistamine, of the piperazine class that is an H1 receptor antagonist. It is used primarily as an antihistamine for the treatment of itches and irritations, an antiemetic for the reduction of nausea, as a weak analgesic by itself and as an opioid potentiator, and as an anxiolytic for the treatment of anxiety. The drug is available in two formulations, the pamoate and the dihydrochloride or hydrochloride salts. Vistaril®, Equipose®, Masmoran®, Paxistil®, and Vistaril Pamoate® are preparations of the pamoate salt whilst Atarax®, Alamon®, Aterax®, Durrax®, Tran-Q®, Orgatrax®, Quiess®, Vistaril Parenteral®, and Tranquizine® are hydroxyzine hydrochloride.  

Use: Hydrochlorothiazide, sometimes abbreviated HCT, HCTZ, or HZT is a popular diuretic drug that acts by inhibiting the kidneys' ability to retain water. This reduces the volume of the blood, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output and, by other mechanisms, is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance. Hydrochlorothiazide is sold both as a generic drug and under a large number of brand names, including: Apo-Hydro, Aquazide H, Dichlotride, Hydrodiuril, HydroSaluric, Microzide, Oretic.  

Clindamycin (phosphate) is a lincosamide antibiotic used in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Clindamycin (phosphate) is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from lincomycin by 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7(R)-hydroxyl group of the lincomycin. Clindamycin is marketed under various trade names including Dalacin (Pfizer), Cleocin (Pfizer), and in a foam as Evoclin (Connetics) and Duac(Stiefel). Clindamycin (phosphate) is used primarily to treat infections caused by susceptible anaerobic bacteria.

Cefradine or cephradine is a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Effective against a wide range of gram-positive and a limited range of gram-negative bacteria.  

Cefalexin or cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is an orally-administered agent with a similar antimicrobial spectrum to the intravenous agents cefalotin and cefazolin. It is commonly marketed under the trade name Keflex (Lilly) or Sporidex (Ranbaxy). Cefalexin is used to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections (including sinusitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and pneumonia), skin and soft tissue infections.

This substance is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is believed to work in adjunct with other drugs when treating clinical depression. It is used in slow-releasing tablets to prevent episodes of seizures.

This substance is an enteral second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, which have been on the market since 1983. It is used to treat pneumonia and other lower respiratory tract (lung) infections; meningitis, gonorrhea, skin, blood, bone, joint and urinary tract infections. Injections of the medicine may also be used before, during, and sometimes for a brief period after surgery.

This substance is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and is commonly used to treat bacterial infections of the ear, urinary tract and upper respiratory tract.

This substance is an oral, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. It is commonly used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and gonorrhea. Veterinary uses is also found.

This chemical is a drug which is given with antibiotics. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics, it can overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria that secrete β-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillin’s. In its most common form, the potassium salt potassium clavulanate is combined with: Amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav, trade names: Augmentin, Tyclav (Beximco), and others) or Ticarcillin (co-ticarclav, trade name Timentin). This product contains 10% microcrystalline cellulose.